Morals and Ethics of Cloning

Regardless of what our future holds, it will be based on the decisions we make today.   Those decisions can be made using the Utilitarian Theory which states that we are doing good for the greatest number of people.   Using Rule Utilitarianism â€Å"which maintains that a behavioral code or rule is morally right if the consequences of adopting that rule are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone. (IEP)† is justifiably noted that if a consensus is formed on the basis of rules that govern cloning, and these rules are broken, the appropriate punishment will result.This is because cloning a human will not benefit the society as a whole; it would do more harm than good.   We all have rules that govern our society over what is right or wrong and we know that these rules are set forth to maintain order.   We have laws because it benefits the majority of the people.Principles of Consequences state that when looking at the end result, the correct action will be the action that produces the greatest amount of happiness (Usury).   To decide if human cloning produces the greatest amount of happiness we have one question still in need of an answer is â€Å"Are human embryos really human?† Well, the term ‘human' proceeding the term 'embryo' should adequately answer the question.The embryo are cloned from human tissue, contain human DNA, thus there is likely a 100 percent chance that the embryos are indeed human, as opposed to being tadpole embryos. Therefore, biologically speaking a clone is no less a human than you or I. And using that human for tissue simply because he/she was cloned rather than conceived does not validate the notion, nor skip around the moral and ethical implications of taking the life of another human being.   Death is not a happy occasion therefore it does not produce the greatest amount of happiness to the majority of the population.Cloning is the process of taking cells from a donor, placing them in a culture dish where the nutrients are  minimal, so the cells stop dividing and switch their â€Å"active genes†. The cells are then put next to an unfertilized egg. The nucleus is sucked out of the egg leaving an empty egg cell containing all the cellular machinery necessary to produce an embryo. An electric shock is used to fuse the egg and cell together. A second shock is then used to mimic the act of fertilization and help begin cell division. After the egg has successfully moved to the stage of an embryo it is then placed in to the uterus of a surrogate mother. When born, all the genes are the same as the donor of the cell.In 1997 Dr. Ian Wilmut, a British scientist successfully cloned a sheep named Dolly.   This turned the scientific world upside-down. The success of the experiment is considered by all as an amazing achievement in science. However, ethics and morals must surface to regulate cloning. It is understood that individuality is the most important part of life. Individual ity is given to a person at birth and considered a right they will have for rest of their life.There is also a fear that the clone may only be produced to live the life of the clone, thus causing severe emotional damage as well pain and suffering for the clone. The progression of the clone may be limited, the advance in idea development will slowly die off. Evolution could come to a halt, because with clones, diversity will be limited and there will not be as many advances in society. The cells, in all humans, will all be the same and there will not be a process of natural selection and diversity.Another controversial question facing the cloning process is: How will the clones be treated? The emotions of the clones need to be taken in to consideration; after all they are humans too. â€Å"What is common to these various views, however, is a shared understanding that being a ‘person' is different from being the manipulated ‘object' of other peoples desires and expectatio ns†(Biomedical Ethics).   People, as clones, will be studied, prodded, and poked which in turn will cause much unwanted anxiety and emotional distress.There will also be problems with relationships between parents and the clone for understandable reasons.   It will bring up a lot of unwelcome stress for the clone when one â€Å"parent† is an anonymous donor of an egg and the other is Dr. Frankenstein. Some may argue that a child is a child and the parents should love their child unconditionally.   However, the bond between the clone and the parents who care for the clone may have awkward encounters.   The love and affection that is provided for most children will not be the same due to the fact that the clone is considered to be more of an experiment rather than a child. Another argument may be that artificial insemination has already taken the step of engineering babies.   However, artificial insemination is used for parents who can not have children but feel they could provide a loving environment for them.Despite the abundant differences and backgrounds of the world today all most people agree that coitus (sex)  is the naturally preferred way to conceive a child.   With the cloning process the necessity to have coitus will not be needed.   â€Å"Is there something about the individual that is lost when the mystical act of conceiving a person becomes standardized into a mere act of photocopying one† (Time)?The parent's will not have to conceive a child, just order one from a catalog and have it arrive next day air.   It will take away the personal feeling and romance   that having â€Å"a child of   your own† creates. Part of the bliss of having a child is the mystery behind it. Is it a boy? A girl? Who does it look like?   Cloning will take away from the pleasures that have been happening for countless years and the elements of surprise will fade in to mail order babies.Another very touchy issue is the ques tion of, is the medical world   taking to much control?   It is stated by scientists that if they are allowed to clone people, one won't have to worry about organ donations or blood drives in order for people to survive. The scientists will  simply clone an organ and replace the faulty one in the human. As simple as this seems, the issue of who they can use to clone comes up.   Finding the ideal person to clone is hard enough, now try to get one with the right blood type, size, and gender.The numbers decrease and it seems as if the scientists would have to clone someone for each person.   If this is true, would the clones be stored somewhere, or able to roam around the world until they were needed to fill their role?   Once again the rights of the clones come up and the thought of clone farms creates a sort of â€Å"yuck† factor for everyone.According to Time Magazine,   â€Å"Out of 277 tries, the researchers eventually produced only 29 embryos that survived l onger than six days† out of the remaining 29 only one survived and was born. The percentage is very low leaving people wondering if it is  even worth the time and effort put in.   â€Å"Some clones may indeed be growing old before their time†(U.S. News).   The research states that the clones will not live a whole life due to the one cell that has been cloned is older and effects the rest of the clones cells making them advance prematurely.  Ã‚   Instead of using science to lengthen the life of a human cloning will decrease the length of life by half.Scientists need to reconsider how they are manipulating the world.   Based on the information provided through the research, doctors should step back and take a look at the morals and ethics of cloning humans and evaluate if it is really worth the risk doctors are taking.The bad consequences out way the good, therefore we cannot assume that the benefit of human cloning will solve life's problems.   To this day we have yet to find a cure for the common cold.   This is because most diseases have a way of surviving, as did the human race during the ice age.   Everything finds a way to adapt to it's environment and if the benefits major benefit for cloning is to cure diseases, then we are at a loss.   The fight for life â€Å"survival of the fittest† can sum it up.If we result to cloning as a means for reproduction, then who is to say that our bodies might not adapt to this, only allowing for this type of reproduction?   Only then will we realize that in our effort to gain knowledge and power over every other living thing, did we fail.   Everything on this earth has to be in perfect balance, and when we continue to tamper with Mother Nature, she finds a way to fight back.  Ã‚   For example, the ozone layer is being depleted because of chemical agents produced and released into the atmosphere by man.   As a result, the ozone layer can longer protect our skin as it used too, causing more cases of skin cancer every year.   I believe that if you push someone, or in this case, something (Mother Nature) hard enough, she will push back.   We need to take things as they are given to us, the good and the bad.   When we try to beat the odd, sometimes the odds beat us.BibliographyBiomedical Ethics Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc, 1998 Cloning (1998).   How to Clone a Human (Version 1.1). [On-line] Biofact November 8, 1999. Available: http://www.biofact.com/cloning/human.html Cloning (1998).   Human Cloning Plans.   [On-line] NPR  Ã‚   November 8, 1999 Available â€Å"Dolly, Polly, Gene-send in the clones† Science News.   January 23, 1997.   pp.127 Cloning (1999).   Should Cloning Be Banned?   [On-line] Reasons  Ã‚   November 5, 1999 Available: http://www.reasons.com /biclone.html Kluger, Jeffrey.   â€Å"Goodbye, Dolly† Time  Ã‚   June 7, 1999. pp.70 Nash, J.   â€Å"The Age of Cloning†Ã‚   Time   March 10, 19997. pp.60-75 Macklin, Ruth.   â€Å"Human cloning?   Don't just say no†. U.S. News &World Report. March10, 1997. pp. 64 Couzin, Jennifer   â€Å"What's Killing The Clones?†Ã‚   U.S. News & World Report.   May24, 1999.   pp.65

Concept of ethical relativism Essay

Ethical relativism is the theory that there are no universalized moral standards to apply to all people all the time. The relativity of ethics refers to the ethics may be different in different societies. The same situation and behavior may be morally acceptable in one society but morally unacceptable in another. However, this theory is rejected by most ethicists. First of all, some claim that while the moral practices of societies may differ, the fundamental moral principles do not. Different nations, even the same nation in different times, often pursue different or even inverse ethics. However, the differences can only explain that moral has diversity but cannot deny that moral is universal and general. There is no doubt that ethics such as fairness, honest and self-esteem are applicable and essential to all societies at any time which is ignored by ethical relativism. Furthermore, ethical relativism promotes social inner conformity and causes no room for moral reform or improvement in a society. In addition, members of the same society may hold different views on practices. When the whole society lack of common agreement on certain issues, it’s really hard to declare which is the right behavior. When cross-cultural communication, ethical relativism may provide support for individualism and cause a situation that different social groups only focus on themselves so that go against the agreement with each other. History development is introduced Ethical relativism encompasses views and arguments that people in various cultures have held over several thousand years. For example, the ancient Jaina Anekantavada principle of Mahavira (c. 599 – 527 BC) states that truth and reality are perceived differently from diverse points of view, and that no single point of view is the complete truth; and the Greek philosopher Protagoras (c. 481 – 420 BC) famously asserted that â€Å"man is the measure of all things†. The Greek historian Herodotus (c. 484 – 420 BC) observed that each society regards its own belief system and way of doing things as better than all others. Various other ancient philosophers also questioned the idea of an objective standard of morality. In the early modern era Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) notably held that nothing is inherently good or evil. The 18th-century Enlightenment philosopher David Hume (1711–1776) serves in several important respects as the father both of modern emotivism and of moral relativism, though Hume himself did not espouse relativism. He distinguished between matters of fact and matters of value, and suggested that moral judgments consist of the latter, for they do not deal with verifiable facts obtained in the world, but only with our sentiments and passions. But Hume regarded some of our sentiments as universal. He famously denied that morality has any objective standard, and suggested that the universe remains indifferent to our preferences and our troubles. The levels and types of western ethical relativism. Ethical relativism is an important inclination of thinking. It has many levels and types. Its causes are also very complicated. The experience lesson of western, ethical relativism in theoretical thinking may promote our research of ethics; it has both negative significance and positive significance in practice. Western Ethical Relativism is a completed social and ethical situation. From the development of western thinking, the performances of the Ethical relativism are various. The diversity of the western ethical Relativism can be analyzed from two aspects. First: he levels of western Ethical Relativism In general: The ethical relativism can be divided in three levels: t The ethical relativism in standard level believes that: the accuracy of ethical norm is relative. It doesn’t exist any ethic which is always right. The moral standard is right when in the areas people all think it is right. The ethical relativism in standard level is not always relative; the ethical principles may be relatively or absolutely. The ethical relativism in standard level means that the moral principles we obey in our life is not single, but numerous. The ethical relativism in hierarchy system means that the different ethical systems can explain the same social life in same degree. It advocate that the different or opposite ethical systems are morally. The ethical system that is always right and covers all of the society does not exist. The ethical relativism in principle level is always have the closely connection with the ethical relativism in hierarchy. We can hardly make a distinction between them. Second: The types of western ethical relativism. The ethical relativism can be divided in three types: The cultural ethical relativists believe that the different cultural systems need different moral. Different cultural has its own criterion of right or wrong, goodness or badness. We can’t use unique cultural criterion to judge the behavior of people in other culture. The cultural ethical relativism can be divided into three forms describe, standard and cognitive. The experiential ethical relativism advocates the variable and relative of the moral is not our concept, but the fact. It believes that the different people in different groups have different moral experiences, so the uses of moral principle and moral norm should be vary with each individual. Subjective ethical relativism advocate that the moral is only subjective cognizance of people, and it is also the result of expression of the personal attitude or emotion, psychological requirement. Ethical relativism of two kinds of basic theory form So far, people on the ethical relativism theory form are not form a unified opinion. In examining the many ethical relativism forms have basis, we according to the ethical relativism of the basis of the methodology of shall be classified, put it into culture ethical relativism and normative ethics relativism two basic theory form the theory. 1, culture ethical relativism Culture ethical relativism (also called the description relativism) is just a cultural relativism claims in the moral field expands. Its message is moral beliefs because of cultural different and different, the thesis is descriptive, namely to anthropology that special case study for the foundation. 2, the standard ethical relativism regulating the relativism also think that only a moral standard by group or individual when accept is only effective; The effectiveness of the standard limited to certain scope, and moral code itself also limit in a particular area, as most etiquette principles and customs limited to specific areas. The basic characteristics of the ethical relativism Any kind of ethical relativism theory, performance forms in theory has its own characteristic, however, from the overall opinion; all have the following three basic characteristics 1, separate the moral of universality and particularity dialectical unity 2, deny that moral; absolute and relative in dialectical unity 3, ignoring the moral subjectivity and objectivity in dialectical unity. The perverted moral values On the other hand, the moral, as dependent on and decided to part of the cultural organism, which will moral points, thought moral as materials is substantive, no existence people from the common features, human relationship, and people in the moral existence, validity and value shows the subjectivity of the out side. 2? Moral value of the lost Ethical relativism moral existence and value will be to strengthen the relativity of extreme, and creativity are intentionally or unintentionally covered, forgotten and cancelled, this actually means that people is the starting point of the moral value purpose and end-result forgotten and cancel, 3? Moral principles using the dislocation First, the moral are reality wrong. Second, ignore the moral convergence. Third, application strategies are machinery. The Limitations and Enlightenment about Ethical relativism Theory limitations have two main areas: (1) ethical relativism partition the moral of universality and particularity. (2) It denied the unification of the moral subjectivity and objectivity. (3) Ethical relativism misunderstood the relationship between the moral diversity and moral unity. The limitations of the practical level: Ethical relativism can lead to the moral crisis in society practice of moral life. Different people, different regions, different countries, different culture and different social form have different moral each other. When these various different levels of social group interact with each other, they are unavoidable produce conflict. But it is undeniable that ethical relativism provides us with much beneficial enlightenment: Ethical relativism contributes to cultivate moral freedom of the individuals and groups. It can make us take an open, flexible attitude and contributes to people of the different ethnic groups, cultures and social systems are forming the atmosphere of mutual respect, mutual understanding and mutual tolerance. Ethical relativism deny the unity of subjectivity and objectivity of the moral From the point of view of philosophical epistemology, ethical relativism recognizes most of the subjectivity of morality denies the objectivity of morality; deny that morality is subjective and objective unity. Ancient Greece wise to send an outstanding representative of Protagoras that â€Å"man is the measure of all things,† the well-known proposition, it is deeply hidden affirmed the denial of moral objectivity and moral subjectivity. Socrates â€Å"Virtue is knowledge† proposition more knowledge as a moral standard, the nature and source of Socrates, knowledge is not derived from practical experience, but from human reason, rational but the unique subjective cognitive ability, therefore, Socrates’ ethical thinking its deep implication is undoubtedly fragmented subjectivity and objectivity of morality. Skeptics of ancient Greece in the philosophical level, the objective existence of things and its nature in doubt, from the theoretical logic of prefabricated or pre-ethical thinking relativism, subjectivism direction of development. Modern Rationalism philosophy advocates the universality and inevitability of knowledge does not come from external experience, but from the inherent rationality; Accordingly, the scope of the ethics, rational camp philosophers and ethicists advocates ethical guidelines and the moral principle of universality, necessity, and moral truth of the theory can not be obtained from the experience of moral life, but only from the rational, moral, rational or practical reason. As Rationalism prominent representatives of Immanuel Kant, deontological ethics reflect the significant nature of absolutism, but his ethics and provides us with a real practical guide for the contents of his ethics should be said that formalism, empty, empty form that contains the possibility of changing to keep the subjectivism and relativism. In short, Modern Empiricism and Rationalism ethicists whether morality comes down to experience, emotion or reason, these are all subjective things of the spirit of their original purpose of trying to construct a new social objective, universal moral system, the result is returned to the person’s subjective mental world; actually hope to establish the objectivity of the efforts by the subjectivity, not only fail to achieve their goals, but its subjectivity digestion objectivity. Different social form or cultural system have the requirement of different moral inevitably, and ethical is relative to the social or cultural system. Culture ethical relativism mostly connected with the study of anthropology or compared culture. Anthropologists are usually very suspect the possibility of founding common moral principle, because they have seen mostly the great differences of moral life practice of different nationalities, different regions and different social. Culture ethical relativism advocates â€Å"customs control everything†, â€Å"moral vision changed with the geography â€Å". Different cultures have their own standard about right or wrong and good and evil, so they cannot use a culture standard of right or wrong, good and evil to measure the behavior of people in another culture life, and can’t stand in the standpoint out of a culture (other cultural standpoint) to judge a culture. All social formation which belongs to different culture often has very different things which they agree or oppose in the moral. But in an internal social, most of the people in the social have the moral conscience— common of moral, which is the general knowledge about right and wrong in moral. In a broad sense, culture ethical relativism think the entire moral standard is just the reflection of social habits or social customs; it is means that the moral behavior is just the behavior which is recognized by habits in a specific cultural system. Ethic relativism comes from cultural differentiation and also protect the existence of different culture. For example, as to the popular topic of Western hegemonism. Since modern times, western society first come into capitalist market economy. The development of the market economy will be addressing different country and each nation into the process of integration of world economy. Along with the economic integration, the western countries in a dominant and control status in the aspect of world culture, to other country or nation of culture . Even the western country make penetration of the cultural or conduct hegemonism to other culture or nation. According to the theory of ethical relativism judgment, western culture, ethic standardization and concept of value are outcomes of the interaction and integration of family, social history, cultural, economic, political and other factors among western people. Although these western culture, ethic standardization and concept of value affecting other nation to some degree, western culture could not absolutely beyond boundary to replace local culture. Because every culture have right to exist and protect independence from others. Because ethical relativism support that every culture in the world is equal, we can protect our local culture from the aggression of western culture and hegemonism. Conclusion: Through the above analysis, although ethical relativism has certain limitation, but different society has different moral standards and moral beliefs, and every social moral belief are all deeply influence of the culture. Ethical relativism encourages us to explore it. This enables us to maintain a kind of open mind and not blindly rejects other ethical system or foreign culture. We still support the ethical relativism.

How to Start the Semester Right - Grad Student Study Advice

The most effective way to ensure success in classes -- learning and getting good grades -- is to prepare early and often. Most students recognize the value of preparation in ensuring excellent class performance. Prepare for each class, each test, each assignment. Preparation, however, begins before the first reading assignment and first class. Prepare for the semester and youll be off to a great start. So, how do you start the semester right? Start on the first day of class. Get into the proper mindset by following these three tips. Plan to work. Colleges - and faculty - expect you to put in a significant amount of time over the course of the semester. At the undergraduate level, a 3 credit course generally meets for 45 hours during the semester. In most cases, you are expected to put in 1 to 3 hours for every hour of class time. So, for a class that meets 2.5 hours a week, that means you should plan to spend 2.5 to 7.5 hours outside of class preparing for class and studying the material each week. You likely wont spend the maximum time on every class every week - its a big time commitment! But recognize that some classes will require relatively little prep and others may require additional hours of work. In addition, the amount of time you spend in each class will vary during the semester. Get a head start. This one is simple: Begin early. Then follow the class syllabus and read ahead. Try to stay one reading assignment ahead of the class. Why read ahead? First, this permits you to see the big picture. Readings tend to build on each other and sometimes you may not realize that you dont understand a particular concept until you encounter a more advanced concept. Second, reading ahead gives you wiggle room. Life sometimes gets in the way and we fall behind in reading. Reading ahead permits you to miss a day and still be prepared for class. Likewise, start papers early. Papers nearly always take longer to write than we anticipate, whether its because we cant find sources, have a hard time understanding them, or suffer from writers block. Start early so that you wont feel pressed for time. Mentally Prepare. Get your head in the right place. The first day and week of classes can be overwhelming with new lists of reading assignments, papers, exams, and presentations. Take the time to map out your semester. Write down all classes, due dates, exam dates in your calendar.   Think about how you will organize your time to prepare and get it all done. Plan time off and time for fun. Think about how you will maintain motivation over the semester - how will you reward your successes? By mentally preparing for the semester ahead you put yourself in the position to excel.

The Dos and Donts of Lord of the Ring Essay Topics

The Do's and Don'ts of Lord of the Ring Essay Topics Here's What I Know About Lord of the Ring Essay Topics An argumentative essay is a certain kind of academic writing. Occasionally it's easiest to begin at the start and compose the introduction first. Read on if you'd love to learn a little about Tolkien's Middle Earth creation myth when contemplating ES6 subclassing. Whether this definition applies to you at this time, and you're panicking since you own a paper due tomorrow (okay, which means you've procrastinated just a bit on this paper), have a deep breath. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Lord of the Ring Essay Topics The color of a diamond is among the most significant parts of purchasing. To begin with, define the facet you wish to concentrate on. Consequently, the larger the diamond you get, the better clarity you might want to get. When you get to a single carat or bigger, you can begin to observe flaws more. What Does Lord of the Ring Essay Topics Mean ? You've approached the last portion of your essay. Inventing good narrative essay topics sounds like it would be quite easy, but it isn't as easy as you might think. There are lots of essay types, and at times the topic itself is as essential as the sort of the essay you're assigned. As everyone probably knows, simply because you've got a definition essay topic and a couple examples doesn't signify you've got an essay. To compose a great argumentative essay, there are four significant sections of the essay you're likely to have to know about. The 2 hobbits also share the identical birthday, September 22. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics since you need opposing points that you may counter to your own points. What Does Lord of the Ring Essay Topics Mean? Your essay should consist of recent statistics and data from reliable sources. The college essay is among the most essential facets of your college application. Remember your final grade significantly is based on the topic. It's therefore important to thoroughly consider different college essay topics. Writing a humorous essay is just one of the very best ways to continue to keep your readers engrossed. You must be very careful when choosing an essay topic. Researching the topic will permit you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you really like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Vital Pieces of Lord of the Ring Essay Topics Like time, it doesn't have any start or an end. You won't be able to follow what's going on in case you start in the incorrect purchase. The ending is an important cliffhanger! It's because both items before it play part within this mith. The story is extremely thorough and detailed, giving the reader a crystal clear image of what is going on. Cause and effect essay topics In the event you receive a task to compose a cause and effect essay, you should examine some event or a specific circumstance and determine the link between the things which caused this circumstance and effects the case had or might have. If a particular word appears to be repeated all of the time, which may be an indication that the essay was written to catch the eye but not to offer legitimate, adequate content. A thing was crawling from the forest. The Essentials of Lord of the Ring Essay Topics You Will be Able to Benefit From Beginning Right Away The Lord of the Rings should unquestionably be watched in the appropriate order from starting to last. The trilogy was among the most important and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken. Tolkien was an extremely devout Catholic.

Informative Fireworks Speech Essay - 982 Words

Informative Speech Outline COM 101 2216950 Topic: Fireworks General Purpose: To inform Specific Purpose: To inform about fireworks and their being. Thesis: Fireworks vary in many ways, such as type, chemical make up and strengths. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: Do you like bright lights, loud noises and spectacular shows of different colors? B. Reason to Listen: Today I am going to tell all of you about something that I enjoy and excites many by those characteristics. C. Thesis Statement: Fireworks vary in many ways, such as type, chemical make up and strengths. D. Credibility Statement: 1. I have used and enjoyed a few firework displays ever since I was†¦show more content†¦c. During finales, many shells called salute shells are used to produce loud and intense noise. Adding flash powder to cylindrical shells makes them explode with a bang. Transition: Now that you understand how fireworks vary in chemical make up, I will describe the strengths and legalities of fireworks. C. Fireworks can be large or small but all vary in strength of the burst or explosion. 1. Fireworks in shows such as 4th of July, are much more powerful than those offered to consumers. a. Consumer fireworks such as sparklers and snakes contain almost no amounts of black powder or explosive substances. b. Firecrackers or other products with flash powder or black powder are considered strong and dangerous. 2. Although you can buy many types of fireworks, not all of them may be legal. a. There are not many legal fireworks in Michigan. The only legal fireworks are sparklers, snakes, small fountains and smoke devices. This leaves firecrackers, roman candles and bottle rockets in the illegal section. a. Large fireworks, such as ones for holiday displays are illegal unless you acquire a permit from the ATF. III. Conclusion A. Review of Main Points: 1. First, I talked about different types and designs. 2. Next, IShow MoreRelatedMass Media in General and Newspapers12440 Words   |  50 PagesTypes of headlines in terms of functions Based on the above functions of headlines, according to Loic Hervouet (in Vu Quang Hao, 2001), there are 3 main types of newspaper headlines, which are informative headlines, stimulating headlines and the combination of informative and stimulating headlines. * Informative headlines: This type of headlines is to describe the main content of the articles. It summarizes the whole articles, answers simply one of the basic questions such as who, what, where, whenRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pages The most glaring example of his innovative translation is the word significate now usually translated by signified (signifià © in French)—which is used throughout the text. Langue and parole have increasingly been translated by language and speech, although this is not an ideal solution. Dà ©couper, translated by Taylor in a number of ways (break up, break down analysis, etc.), would more easily be translated by segmenting when used in the linguistic sense, and by dà ©coupage when used to

Shakespeare’s Racial Vision free essay sample

Race was never Shakespeare’s central theme, but Shakespeare’s comprehensive soul has created an impressive racial vision. Five of his plays have touched on racial problems and his racial personae are above ten. The Jew and the Moor are two most prominent figurers representing two basic types of racism in Shakespeare. Racialism can be distinguished from racism. Intrinsic racism and extrinsic racism are due to racial pride and racial prejudice, respectively. Shakespeare’s world was a white-centered Christendom. Skin color and religion were thus the elemental features (of nature and nurture) that induced racism, Venice or Italy being Shakespeare’s convenient locale for dramatizing his racial actions and reactions. In this paper, instances of racial pride and prejudice in Shakespeare are presented, the causes of racism are investigated, Shakespeare’s views of race and racism are discussed, and his racial vision is delineated. The conclusion is: Shakespeare recognizes the existence of racial differences but he is not a racist. Shakespeare is in fact an impartial, humanitarian dramatist preaching interracial liberty, equality, and fraternity. In his vision there is always a Shylock locked up shyly in his racial ideology, accompanied by an Othello crying â€Å"Ot, hell, O! † for villainous misuse of racial consciousness. The playwright’s comprehensive soul wants every one of us to shy away the racial â€Å"bond† that cuts our hearts and discard the racial â€Å"handkerchief† that brings us tragedies instead of curing our headaches. Key words and phrases: 1. the Jew 2. the Moor 3. racial vision 4. racialism/racism 5. comprehensive soul 6. racial personae 7. pride and prejudice 8. Shylock 9. Othello 10. Venice and the Mediterranean I. Comprehensive Soul It is well known that John Dryden, in his â€Å"An Essay of Dramatic Poesy,† makes Neander praise Shakespeare as â€Å"the man who of all modern, and perhaps ancient poets, had the largest and most comprehensive soul† (247). But what exactly did the term â€Å"comprehensive soul† mean to Neander or Dryden? The statement that immediately follows the praise is: â€Å"All the images of nature were still present to him, and he drew them, not laboriously, but luckily; when he describes anything, you more than see it, you feel it too† (247). This statement seems to explain that what made Shakespeare’s soul comprehensive was his ability to grasp â€Å"all the images of nature† and render them â€Å"luckily† and touchingly. Except this apparent explanation Dryden or Neander provides no further explication in this famous essay. In an editorial of 1998, Christopher Flannery says: â€Å"When Dryden speaks of Shakespeare’s ‘comprehensive soul,’ he means that Shakespeare’s genius plumbs the deepest depths and scales the loftiest heights of human nature and encompasses the broadest reaches of the human condition. Thus, he goes on to say, â€Å"Shakespeare’s themes include virtually every interesting aspect of human life. † However, the Shakespearean themes he mentions are such as â€Å"love, revenge, beauty, ambition, virtue, vice, justice, free will, providence, chance, fate, friendship, loyalty, betrayal; the interplay among passions, reason and will; truth and illusion, men and women, mortality and immortality; the vast variety of human characters and societies. †1 Somehow, he has failed to mention the theme of race. Race is, of course, part of nature, and each human race has always had its distinctive â€Å"image(s)† formed and known in various â€Å"societies. † Nevertheless, race was indeed not so important an issue in Shakespeare’s England as to become a central theme of his drama. According to Michael D. Bristol, at the end of the 16th century â€Å"racism was not yet organized as a large-scale system of oppressive social and economic arrangements, though it certainly existed as a widely shared set of feelings and attitudes† (181). The Merchant of Venice may be a play most obviously touching on the tension of Jews in a Christian society, and thus one can argue as to whether the play is anti-Semitic or not. Yet, as the title suggests, the play is mainly about â€Å"the merchant of Venice,† that is, Antonio, who embodies friendship or love of the highest degree, against usury or any mercenary form of profit that is often associated with merchants. Although the play is â€Å"otherwise called ‘The Iewe of Venyce,’†2 and it is certainly Shylock’s tragedy and often performed as such,3 most people still regard it as a comedy for Bassanio and Portia or as a tragic-comedy for Antonio. If the play, as C. L. Barber suggests, is to dramatize â€Å"the conflict between the mechanisms of wealth and the masterful, social use of it† (179), the emphasis is placed first and foremost on wealth as a personal, rather than racial, matter, for wealth is primarily one’s personal, rather than racial, belongings. Othello is another of Shakespeare’s plays that has the greatest potential to develop into a â€Å"problem play† about race. In its source tale, as Susan Snyder points out, Cinthio does not dwell much on the theme of skin color, but Shakespeare dwells on it a great deal in the play (31). And as Stephen Greenblatt puts it, â€Å"blackness is the indelible witness to Othello’s permanent status as an outsider† (45). Yet, as it is, the tragedy is primarily about jealousy,4 and Othello’s tragic fate lies more in his personality (e. g. is rashness or gullibility) than in his racial situation: there is no racism detrimental enough to hinder him directly through racial hatred in his military or matrimonial life. The racial problem raised in the play is, at most, but a problem subordinate to the problem of villainy, which makes use of others’ personal traits as well as racial prejudices existing in a society. Three of Shakespeare’s other plays, namely Titus Andronicus, Antony and Cleopatra, and The Tempest, also have characters other than â€Å"the white race†: Aaron the blackamoor, Cleopatra the Egyptian, and the Indian-like Caliban. But who would think of these plays primarily in terms of racism? Aaron is but a convenient agent to bring forth Shakespeare’s revenge theme, Cleopatra a type of love overpowering political and military power, and Caliban an example depicting the master/servant relationship or the nature/nurture contrast. In none of these plays, as in neither The Merchant of Venice nor Othello, does the theme of race ever really come to the fore to bedim other possible themes. Although race was never Shakespeare’s central theme, race and racism actually never escaped the playwright’s notice. In fact, as will be discussed in this essay, Shakespeare’s comprehensive soul has made him comprehend a lot of things related to the problem of race, his comprehensiveness has become an impartial attitude toward races, and his soul has created a racial vision bespeaking his comprehensiveness most impressively. II. Racial Personae We have mentioned five characters (Aaron, Shylock, Othello, Cleopatra, and Caliban) from five plays (Titus Andronicus, The Merchant of Venice, Othello, Antony and Cleopatra, and The Tempest) as Shakespeare’s dramatis personae that may have something to do with race and racism. But the five characters do not exhaust Shakespeare’s racial personae. In The Merchant of Venice, at least, we have two other Jews (Shylock’s daughter Jessica and his friend Tubal) and one or two Moors (the Prince of Morocco and the Moor mentioned in passing whom Launcelot Gobbo made big with child), who either directly or indirectly help make up Shakespeare’s racial vision. If we count also Aaron’s black baby by Tamora and Caliban’s hag mother Sycorax (who is also not presented but mentioned in the play), then Shakespeare’s racial personae may be said to be above ten. Of the eleven racial personae, only four are female (Jessica, Cleopatra, Sycorax, and Launcelot’s Moor), but they are enough to connect race with gender. Among the eleven characters, again, we find three Jews (Shylock, Jessica, and Tubal), five Moors (Aaron and his baby, the Prince of Morocco, Launcelot’s woman, and Othello), one Egyptian (Cleopatra), and two Algerians (Caliban and his mother Sycorax, since she is said to be from Argier). Up to Shakespeare’s time, as we know, any race that was non-Greek, non-Roman, or non-Christian was thought to be barbarous. So, all of the characters would have been considered barbarous if none of them had converted to Christianity (like Jessica and Othello) or had been born of nobility (like Cleopatra or the Prince of Morocco). Anyway, in Shakespeare’s vision race is also linked to religion and class, besides gender. In ancient times, the Moslem region west of Egypt in north Africa was called Barbary. It was the place where Moors (a Moslem people of mixed Arab and Berber descent) used to live. 6 The English word â€Å"Moors,† it is said, is related to the Spanish Moros and the French Maures and derived from the Latin maurus and the Greek mauros, which means â€Å"dark,† and the word originally referred to â€Å"the dark ones† inhabiting northern Africa because they were darker in complexion than the Europeans. Later, in the 15th century, when black slaves were brought back from west Africa, â€Å"black Moors† or â€Å"blackamoors† was the word used to distinguish the negroes from the â€Å"Moors† of northern Africa, though people often failed to make the distinction and kept calling all Africans â€Å"Moors† no matter whether they were black or merely swarthy, from north or west Africa. 7 In Shakespeare’s drama, Aaron is identified as a blackamoor but Othello is said to be a swarthy Moor. To Shakespeare, â€Å"a Moor was not clearly distinguished from a black† (Asimov 609). And I am of opinion that no matter whether Othello is brown or black, this particular Moor is enough to become a racial topic though critics including Coleridge and A. C. Bradley have strongly argued for the necessity of making Othello a swarthy Moor rather than a blackamoor. 8 Racism is indeed often based on visible morphological characteristics such as skin color, hair type, and facial features. It happened that Moors were usually Moslems. It followed, therefore, that Moslems were associated with colored people and a foreign race in Europe. But Moslemism was not the only religion to suggest religious difference to Christians. Judaism was another religion that made the Europeans differ from Jews. To be sure, no religion is ever conspicuously written on anyone’s face: Moslemism or Judaism is a cultural manifestation, not a physical appearance.

OSHA and the Health Care Industry Essay Sample free essay sample

Towards the 3rd one-fourth of the 20th century. the Congress has recognized that personal hurts and unwellnesss at work cause significant losingss to the economic system and is a â€Å"hindrance to interstate commerce† ( â€Å"OSH Act of 1970† . 2004 ) . This led to the constitution of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) through the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Basically. OSHA ensures the safety of the working work forces and adult females in the United States. This it does by working with both employees and employers to make safe and healthy working environments ( OSHA. 2007 ) . OSHA encompasses workers in about all industries. with the exclusion of those who are freelance or those working in little farms ( Veasey et al. . 2002 ) . One of the industries that is having a batch of attending from different sectors. the OSHA included. is the wellness attention industry. This is for a figure of grounds. First. wellness attention is the 2nd fastest-growing sector in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on OSHA and the Health Care Industry Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. economic system. following to information engineering ( National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [ NIOSH ] . 2007 ; U. S. Department of Labor. 2006 ) . Health attention work force is estimated to be at over 12 million and still increasing. Furthermore. and possibly the primary ground for OSHA’s involvement in the wellness attention industry. occupational hurts among wellness attention workers have increased over the past decennary ( NIOSH. 2007 ) . On the contrary. hurts and unwellnesss in building and agribusiness have experienced diminution during the same period. The wellness attention industry itself covers a broad scope of installations and services. Included in this sector are infirmaries. clinics. out-patient surgery centres. bringing centres. dental offices and nursing places ( OSHA. 2007 ) . Because of the big figure of services offered in this industry. wellness attention workers are exposed to a figure of workplace jeopardies. For one. risky chemicals abound in most wellness attention installations. These include methanal. which is used in continuing specimen for pathology ; ethylene oxide. glutaraldehyde and paracetic acid. which are used for sterilisation ; and a assortment of other chemicals used in wellness attention research labs. In response to such an issue. OSHA has created a safety plan to protect wellness attention workers from such jeopardies. Harmonizing to OSHA. the jeopardy posed by these chemicals must be decently communicated to all people concerned. Chemical makers and pharmaceuticals have the primary duty of measurin g the jeopardies of the substances and goods they produce ( OSHA. 2008 ) . OSHA farther requires that a Materials Safety Data Sheet ( MSDS ) be prepared to be conveyed to clients. In the workplace. OSHA requires that employers provide labels and MSDS for the open workers. and supply appropriate preparation in managing ( including disposal ) of risky chemicals and drugs. Health attention workers are besides exposed to bloodborne pathogens – infective stuffs which can do diseases in worlds such as hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus or HIV – and are at hazard of geting the disease caused by these pathogens ( OSHA. 2002 ) . OSHA protects workers by necessitating employers to utilize safer medical devices that are commercially available and effectual ( OSHA. 2008 ) . Employers besides have the duty of placing the workers exposed to this jeopardy and accordingly make a plan that would extinguish or minimise worker exposure. Furthermore. employees who are occupationally exposed to bloodborne pathogens should have the necessary preparation to manage such jeopardies. Radiation is another jeopardy that laboratory staffs are exposed to. Those who are chiefly exposed to radiation are x-ray machine operators and other employees who are unprotected and near the machine during its operation ( OSHA. 2008 ) . Acute wellness effects due to the exposure include erythema and dermatitis. while chronic effects include skin malignant neoplastic disease. bone marrow suppression and even inborn effects on the progeny of the exposed employee. The grade of exposure depends on the measure of radiation. the length of exposure and the protection used. In order to protect the workers exposed to this jeopardy. OSHA requires that employees be decently protected from radiation. X ray suites. for illustration. could be constructed with barrier walls so that the operator can step behind the wall during machine operation and therefore avoid radiation exposure. Furthermore. employers are required to supply the necessary monitoring equipment. such as badges. to be worn by wor kers working with x-ray machines. radioactive patients and radioactive stuffs. One of the jeopardies besides often cited by OSHA are electrical jeopardies ( OSHA. 2008 ) . Such jeopardies result from faulty or damaged electrical wiring or equipment. and insecure work patterns. Exposure to these jeopardies may ensue to electric daze. burning or detonation. As a solution. OSHA issued a standard indicating that electrical equipment must be freed from all recognized jeopardies. The criterion farther requires anchoring of all electrical service in close propinquity to H2O. utilizing of precautions for forces protection and erosion or utilizing of protective equipment. and observation of appropriate work patterns. Aside from burning and electric daze. improper usage of electric equipment and faulty wiring besides has inauspicious effects on workers that operate or are exposed to machines such as the hydroculator and ultrasound devices. Ultrasound. although of high frequence and unhearable to the ear may impact hearing and bring forth other wellness effects ( OSHA. 2008 ) . It is by and large believed. nevertheless. that ultrasound has comparatively small consequence on general wellness unless there is direct contact with the beginning of the supersonic noise ( OSHA. 2008 ) . Hearing loss is most likely caused by loud hearable noise from beginning subharmonics instead than the ultrasound itself. However. to avoid such incidences. the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ( ACGIH ) . utilizing OSHA’s Noise Standard as a footing. has come up with allowable ultrasound exposure degrees. The Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs ) are meant to protect employees from repeated expos ure to ultrasound without any inauspicious effects on hearing and the ability to understand normal address. For frequences between 10 to 20 kilohertzs. ceiling values are placed at 105 dBs ( dubnium ) when measured in air and 167 dubnium when measured in H2O ( OSHA. 2008 ) . For frequences between 30and 100 kilohertz. the maximal values are 115 and 177 dubnium when measured in air and H2O. severally. It is deserving observing. nevertheless. that these values prevent hearing loss caused by the subharmonic frequences. instead than the ultrasound itself. As portion of OSHA’s Noise Standards. controls for high-frequency sound. such as ultrasound. are required. Barriers to this sound can be easy constructed and in many instances. machines and surfaces in the workplace act as barriers themselves ( OSHA. 2008 ) . Mentions National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( 2007 ) . Health attention workers.Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved January 28. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. gov/niosh/topics/healthcare/ . OSHA ( 2002 ) . Bloodborne pathogens: OSHA fact sheet.Occupational safety and health administration. Retrieved January 28. 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. gov/OshDoc/data_BloodborneFacts/bbfact01. pdf. OSHA ( 2008 ) . Compliance aid speedy start: Measure 1.Occupational safety and health administration. Retrieved January 28. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. gov/dcsp/compliance_assistance/quickstarts/health_care/ hc_step1. hypertext markup language. OSHA ( 2006 ) . Hazard communicating: Foundation of workplace chemical safety plans.Occupational safety and health administration. Retrieved January 28. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. gov/SLTC/hazardcommunications/index. hypertext markup language. OSHA ( 2008 ) . Hospital etool: Bloodborne pathogens.Occupational safety and health administration. Retrieved January 28. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/hazards/bbp/bbp. hypertext markup language. OSHA ( 2008 ) . Hospital etool: Electrical jeopardies.Occupational safety and health administration. Retrieved January 28. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/hazards/electrical/electrical. hypertext markup language. OSHA ( 2008 ) . Hospital etool: Radiology faculty.Occupational safety and health administration. Retrieved January 28. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/clinical/radiology/Radiation. OSHA ( 2008 ) . Noise and hearing proficient manual chapter: noise and wellness effects.Occupational safety and health administration. Retrieved January 28. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/health_effects/index. hypertext markup language. OSHA ( 2004 ) . OSH Act of 1970.Occupational safety and health administration. Retrieved January 28. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //osha. gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp. show_document? p_table=OSHACT A ; p_id=2743. OSHA and the Health Care Industry 7 OSHA ( 2007 ) . OSHA facts – August 2007.Occupational safety and health administration. Retrieved January 28. 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //osha. gov/as/opa/oshafacts. hypertext markup language. U. S. Department of Labor ( 2006 ) . High growing industry profile.U. S. Department of Labor. Retrieved January 28. 2009 from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. doleta. gov/BRG/Indprof/IT_profile. cfm. Veasey. D. A. . McCormick. L. C. . Hilyer. B. M. . Oldfield. K. W. A ; Hansen. S. ( 2002 ) .Confined infinite entry and exigency response. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.